Land That Contains Substances Environmental Sciences Essay

Metallic elements have played an of import function in the development of adult male, gold and Cu, both native metals have been worked into desirable objects since 15000BC. ‘Advanced ‘ smelting techniques were developed by 4000BC, used to pull out Cu from ores and within a farther 1,000 old ages, other metals were being extracted, including Ag, lead, Sn and Zn. The development of the blast furnace centuries subsequently led to the big scale production of Fe and steel ( sgm.ac.uk 2002 ) . The last 100 old ages has seen Great Britain shaped by the ‘great ‘ industrial revolution and witnessed the development of a overplus of industries, notably, the steel, coal and chemical industries. Industrial ‘visionaries ‘ , focused on the development of industry had non planned a sustainable hereafter and the effects to the environment were overridden by enlargement. It is this deficiency of planning that has led to historical industrial procedures leting waste to be disposed of by merely tipping it onto the land, chemicals and natural stuffs were frequently spilt in situ ensuing in land taint ( sepa.org.uk 2012 ) .Contaminated landLand that contains substances in or under the land that are considered to be a possible jeopardy to human wellness or the Environment is considered to be ‘Contaminated ‘ ( environmental-protection.org.uk 2012 ) . Contamination can be categorised into assorted signifiers and can impact in different ways, depending upon legion factors including ; type, concentration and the nature of the substance ensuing in a huge array of impacts to both human wellness and the environment ( sepa.org.uk 2012 ) . A study undertaken by the British Geological Survey ( BGS ) in 2009, estimates that in England entirely, there are around 15,470 hectares of land that is classed as contaminated ( nerc.ac.uk 2009 ) . Contamination is assessed on a site – site footing, in a command to ease the deployment of the most efficient and operable technique. In order to find the best technique, inside informations of the contamination ( s ) contained within the dirt foremost necessitate to be assessed along with the type of land stuffs present at the surface and in the subsurface ( defra.gov.uk 2010 ) . Following initial probes, contaminations can be determined and classified into groups depending on their belongingss ( organic or inorganic ) ( Brown 2009 ) . Table 1: Contaminant categories used to find redress technique applied. Adapted from ( defra.gov 2010 ) .OrganicTypical illustrationsHalogenated volatile organic compounds ( VOCs )1-chlrobutane, methoxyflurane, pentafluoropropan-1olHalogenated semivolatile organic compounds ( SVOCs )Chlorophenol, Tetrachlorophenol, ChlordaneNon-halongenated volatile organic compounds ( VOCs )Benzene, Xylene, propanone, Carbon disulphideNon-halongenated semivolatile organic compounds ( SVOCs )Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH ) , phenolOrganic CorrosivesAcetic acid, aminobenzineOrganic nitrilesOrganonitrilesPolychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs )PCB ( Arochlor ) -1016Pesticides / weedkillers4, 4-DDT, HeptachlorDioxins / Furans2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuranInorganicMetallic elementsLead, Mercury, Chromium, ZincRadionuclidesRadioactive isotopes of U, radonCorrosivesHydrochloric acid, sulfuric acidNitrilesMetallic nitrilesAsbestosBlue, brown, whiteMiscExplosives2,4,6 -trinitrotoluene ( TNT ) , hydrazine Table 1 is intended to supply a fundamental position of the categorization of contaminations, measuring the rightness of redress techniques is a complicated procedure in world, in world, several constituent contaminations will be contained within the mark site, each class of contamination would be assessed separately to measure the pertinence of a redress technique ( epa.gov 2012 ) .Redress of contaminated landEnvironmental hazards associated with contaminated land are typically remediated – a technique that seeks to take contaminations contained within the dirt ( ny.gov 2012 ) . Redress techniques are typically capable to an array of regulative demands – Part 2A of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 that is based on the likeliness of important injury to human wellness and important pollution of the H2O environment ( northdevon.gov.uk 2012 ) .Appropriate redressThe appropriate redress solution should be implemented to ensue in the land being ‘suitable for usage ‘ . Remediation should render the land no longer contaminated and the effects of any important injury, or pollution of controlled Waterss that has occurred has been remedied, the suitably selected redress technique can in many state of affairss see the degree of taint reduced to such a degree that any considered important hazard is minimum, this does non nevertheless connote that all contaminations are removed wholly, in some state of affairss the contaminations are at such low degrees that they pose no hazard or that they are for good contained unmoved ( environment-agency.gov.uk 2004 ) .Remediation engineerings availableHistorically, the redress of contaminated land can be expensive and relies to a great extent upon procedures that are basically really proficient ( defra.gov.uk 2010 ) . Many of these procedures have involved heavy technology solutions, although considered to be really effectual, and in many instances, the merely feasible option, they have high environmental , societal and economic impacts ( clu-in.org 2012 ) .Categorization of dirt redress engineeringsSoil redress engineerings can be categorised into four distinguishable wide categories ( Table 1 ) harmonizing to the cardinal rules involved in the remotion / containment of contamination ( s ) which can be farther sub-divided into unmoved and ex-situ techniques ( ehu.es 2012 ) . In situ clean-ups require no digging of contaminated stuff, in situ techniques are frequently preferable because of their lower application cost ; nevertheless, the general consensus is that these techniques take longer to make the preferable position and are more hard to supervise because of non-uniformity in intervention because of discrepancies in dirt stuffs ( DETR 1998 ) . Ex situ attacks ( digging of a contaminated country ) and handling it on site ( antique situ, on-site ) or transporting it to a distant site for ‘cleaning ‘ ( ex situ, off-site ) is by and large considered to be the more expensive option given the logistics of the operation, nevertheless, ex-situ techniques present the advantage of taking the bulk of taint forestalling farther spread ( iastate.edu 2012 ) . Table 1: Overview of both in situ and ex situ redress engineerings available, adapted from: ( defra.gov. 2010 ) .In-situTechnologyBiologicalPhysicalChemicalThermalChemical oxidization and decreaseiElectro – redressiiEnhanced bioremediation utilizing redox amendmentsiBlushingiiiPhytoremediationiAir SpargingiBiospargingiStabilization and hardeningiiThermal TreatmentiVentingiiVitrificationiiiEx situBiopilesiSlurry stage bioreactorsiChemical oxidization and decreaseiSoil lavation and separation proceduresiiStabilization and hardeningiiThermal desorptioniIncinerationiEx situ dirt vapour extractioniiVitrificationiiiWater and gas / vapour interventioniiiBiological redress engineeringsBioremediation uses micro-organisms ( barm, fungi or bacteriums ) to degrade organic contaminations ; bioremediation can be carried out both unmoved and ex-situ. The contaminations act as a nutrient beginning for the micro-organisms that break them down. Aerobic processes require a beginning of O, chase awaying C dioxide COa‚‚ and H2O H2O ( clu-in.org 2012 ) ( Figure 1 ) Figure 1: Conventional diagram of aerophilic biodegradation in dirt ( tamu.edu 2008 ) . Ex situ techniques include slurry-phase bioremediation, a procedure of keeping contact between micro-organisms and contaminations by adding H2O to contaminated dirts to organize ‘slurry ‘ ( iastate.edu 2012 ) . Other bioremediation techniques include ; Bioventing Injection of H peroxide ( H202 ) Solid stage bioremediation Landfarming Dirt biopiles Composting ( clu-in.org 2012 ) . Bioremediation is an economical procedure for a wide scope of applications of organic wastes. Many of the procedures can be handled in situ avoiding the demand to transport risky stuffs from site ( sa.gov.au 2005 ) .Physico – Chemical interventionsPhysical methods of dirt renewal are those that do non alter the physic-chemical belongingss of the pollutants accumulated in the dirt to be cleaned ( cieh.org 2007 ) . Physical redress techniques include simplified procedures such as dirt extraction and storage of contaminated dirts along with more complicated and technological techniques ( defra.gov.uk 2010 ) . In the physical procedures, the stage transportation of pollutants is induced. In the chemical processes, the chemical construction of the pollutants is changed by agencies of chemical reactions to bring forth less toxic or better dissociable compounds from the solid matrix ( unido.org 2012 ) . Physical redress techniques offer a cost effectual solution that can be concluded comparatively rapidly, and devour really small technology or energy resources ( eugris.info 2012 ) . Physical applications can be engaged both unmoved and ex-situ, and have the advantage that a wide spectrum of pollutants can be removed from the contaminated site and that they can be widely administered ( little, local sites ) ( unido.org 2012 ) . Physical-chemical interventions include ; Dirt Blushing Dirt lavation ( Figure 2 ) . Fracturing hypertext transfer protocol: //renewcanada.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/swallowtail2.png Figure 2: Dirt rinsing technique ( renewcanada.net 2010 )Thermal interventionsIt is by and large considered that thermic procedures are the most dearly-won, nevertheless, a speedy redress clip is offered as compensation ( unido.org 2012 ) . Thermal redress involves the debut of hydrocarbon contaminated dirts into a het vas and retaining those dirts until they reach a unvarying temperature. Contaminants are heated by the thermic procedure, heat is applied to increase the volatility, to fire, break up, destruct or run the contamination. The hazard of let go ofing dioxins into the ambiance is an of import consideration and hence, runing temperatures are limited to 800A °F ( purdue.edu 2006 ) . Factors that influence the timescale of effectivity are the type and sums of contaminations present that scope from site to site, the physical size of the site and dirt stuff nowadays ( clu-in-org 2012 ) . Thermal techniques can be applied both unmoved and ex-situ, the rule advantage of unmoved techniques is that dirt can be treated without the demand to take and transport cut downing operating costs, nevertheless, unmoved techniques by and large take longer to de-contaminate a site and cost nest eggs are negligible. Ex-situ techniques involve the digging and remotion of contaminated dirts where they are exposed to high temperatures in intervention cells ; the cells contain contaminated media during the application. Although ex-situ techniques offer a decreased intervention clip, increased logistical deductions offset intervention costs ( clu-in-org 2012 ) . Thermal techniques typically include ; Hot gas taint Vitrification Injection of hot air Thermal Conduction Additional techniques are shown in tabular array? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emis.vito.be/sites/default/files/data_sheets/migrated/schema % 20thermische % 20reiniging.PNG Figure 3: Diagram of thermic cleaning ( vito.be 2012 ) .2.0 A critical appraisal of the effectivity of dirt redress techniques and the protection of groundwater2.1 The Groundwater systemâ€Å" The largest available reservoir of fresh H2O † ( Environment-agency.gov.uk 2012 ) Water that is continually traveling through the environment is known as the H2O rhythm, nevertheless, most of the rain that falls will be soaked up by dirt, through the procedure of infiltration, H2O will soak farther down into the land and finally into underlying stones, this is known as groundwater ( groundwateruk.org 2012 ) .2.2 The importance of groundwater70 % of the planetary capacity of fresh water is groundwater, 30 % of this sum is found within rivers, lakes and watercourses, many of these rivers and lakes etc. are fed straight by groundwater, it can non be underestimated how much groundwater plays an of import function within the human civilization, groundwater is the line of life afforded to planetary wetland sites and a major helper to industry in a planetary context ( environment-agency.gov.uk 1999 ) . Whilst groundwater is by and large of good biological quality, it is invariably threated by contaminations, pollutants that seep through the surface and into the groundwater system, pollution occurs from diffuse beginnings when a pollutant is spread onto the land in the signifier of an applied agricultural pesticide for illustration and besides from point beginning pollution, where a chemical spillage has occurred for illustration. Some pollutants inputs will of course degrade or will be filtered out as the H2O flows through permeable stones, but on many occasions, the pollutants are relentless types and have to be subjected to typically dearly-won redress procedures ( groundwateruk.org 2012 ) . Figure 4: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ( mfe.gov.nz 2007 ) .3.0 Are dirt redress engineerings effectual at protecting groundwater?The mobility and destiny of contaminations that enter dirt are determined by a figure of factors ( postpone? ) , in order for a comprehensive and realistic site hazard appraisal to be carried out, consideration should be given to the nature and prevalent conditions in the dirts, including ; geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, contaminant geochemistry, geotechnics, ecotoxicology and microbiology, one time these have been decently addressed, a predicted behavior theoretical account of the contamination can be produced to help in the choice of the most efficient and cost effectual redress technique ( eugris.info 2012 ) .Relevant dirt and groundwater belongingss may include:Relevant contaminant Physico-chemical belongingss may include:Soil profile Contaminant concentration Dirt texture ( comparative proportions of sand, loam and clay ) Chemical speciation e.g. the valency or oxidization province of a metal Presence of mineral components such as clays, carbonates, phosphates, oxides and organic affair ( expressed as the fraction of organic C foc ) Solubility in H2O ( or other dissolver if a non-aqueous free stage liquid is present ) Moisture content Sorption ( soil-water divider coefficient Kd and organic carbon-water divider coefficient Koc ) Particle size distribution Octanol-water divider coefficient ( kow ) Bulk dry denseness Vapour force per unit area Porosity ( air-filled and water-filled ) Henry ‘s Law invariable Sorption capacity of the dirt Biodegradation pH and redox possible Nature of metabolites Microbial populations Vegetable consumption ( dirt to works concentration ) Elevation of H2O tabular array Weathering possible Groundwater flow way Diffusion coefficient in air Hydraulic gradient Diffusion coefficient in H2O Hydraulic conduction Viscosity ( gases and bluess ) Hydraulic dispersivity Viscosity ( non-aqueous stage liquids ) Table? : Factors act uponing the destiny and mobility rate of contaminations in dirt, adapted from ( eugris.info 2012 ) .

Nursing-Sensitive Indicators Essay

According to the American Nurses Association, nursing-sensitive indicators â€Å"reflect the structure, process and outcomes of nursing care.† (â€Å"Nursing Sensitive Indicators,† 2015) Understanding the indicators is an important piece of nursing, not only to assist the patient, but the patients loved ones as well, to ensure quality patient care. In this particular case, had the nurse understood the reasoning and data behind the Pressure Ulcer Rate and Restraint indicators, and communicated the necessity to report any pertinent findings the CNA may discover in the nurse’s absence, the CNA would not have dismissed the reddened area over the patient’s lower spine and would have immediately informed the nurse of the finding. Upon returning the patient to bed, the CNA would have also known not to place the patient back in bed on his back and re-apply the restraints. Instead, would have had the patient lay to one side and stressed the importance, to the patie nt and family member, of frequent turning, to reduce the chance of pressure ulcers. Quality patient care can only be achieved with teamwork and open communication. The discussion of pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients has become an increasing issue with more attention to the prevention of such since the early to mid-1990’s. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) state that stage III and stage IV pressure ulcers occurring during admission are considered preventable (Zaratkiewicz et al., 2010). While the gentleman in our case scenario represented what would be considered a stage 1 pressure ulcer, with proper quality care and training, even this stage 1 ulcer could have been prevented or at the very least, the progression halted. If the nurse had a better understanding of nursing-sensitive indicators, or the theory behind them, then maybe he or she would take more ownership in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, conducted their own study regarding pressure ulcers and ways to prevent them. Their study was  intended to track, prevent and improve skin-related outcomes (Zaratkiewicz et al., 2010). While the results of the study showed a large increase in minor pressure ulcers, it showed a huge decrease in stage III and IV ulcers, the most costly and reportable types. Education and staff reinforcement lead to early detection and improvement in practice, ultimately faring better for the patient. Maybe if the hospital in the scenario had communicated such important figures or conducted their own study, the nursing staff and even the CNA’s would have a better understanding and ultimately provide better care. As far as ethical issues such as the request for a kosher meal that ended up not being kosher, we as nurses accept and agree to abide by a code of ethics. If I were the nursing shift supervisor and this case scenario occurred, there are a few different things I would use to discuss with my staff. First of all, I would remind all nursing staff of the code of ethics we all accepted the day we graduated nursing school and offer copies to each of them to serve as a reminder. Specifically, for this scenario, I would point out; â€Å"Human Dignity is respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations. In professional practice, concern for human dignity is reflected when the nurse values and respects all patients and colleagues† (â€Å"The Essentials,† 2008). While I am not Jewish and not receiving a kosher meal does not seem to be a big deal to me, I know that it is important to my patient and an acceptable request, so it should be a priority for me. Secondly, I would start a monthly ethical education series, choosing a different topic to better educate my staff. In the world we live in today, there are so many cultures and a necessity to be more aware of ethical treatment, that the staff should not be expected to â€Å"just know it.† This knowledge comes from on-going education and it is up to the hospital and staff to make sure they are kept as up to date as possible regarding ethical treatment of patients. I would also involve my Board of Ethics or ethical expert from the hospital to intervene and sincerely apologize to the family. While we won’t be able to fix the meal that was already eaten, we can ensure the patient and family that steps have been taken to support special requests of patients from now on. References Nursing-Sensitive Indicators. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProfessionalNursi

Third Party Conflict Resolution

Third Party Conflict Resolution MGT/445 Organizational Negotiations March 11, 2013 | | | | Third Party Conflict Resolution Conflict is an omnipresent facet of human existence present at every level of society. Differences in culture, norms, beliefs, wants, needs, and personality causes conflict. Throughout history people involved in conflict solicit assistance from a third party with the primary goal to negotiate a resolution. Team A is assigned to review a case involving two managers of a manufacturing company involved in a conflict. The following paragraphs provide an overview of the case and different third party interventions strategies.Team A included below the analysis of the case, a third party intervention strategy to resolve the conflict, the reason the strategy resolves the conflict, and an alternate strategy if the first strategy does not work. Case Overview The case involves a conflict with managers of a major producer of office furniture -Seatcor. Acting as the senior vi ce president of operations and chief operating officer, Team A must provide an appropriate solution to the conflict. Joe Gibbons is the vice president and general manager of Seatcor’s largest desk assembly plant. Joe has been with Seatcor for 38 years and is two years away from retirement.He worked his way up through the ranks to his present position and has managed successfully his division for five years with a marginally competent staff. Joe is a long-standing personal friend. There is a perception Joe has surrounded himself deliberately with minimally competent people possibly because he may have felt threatened by talented assistants. During lunch with Charles Stewart, assistant vice president and Joe’s second in command, it became clear there is a conflict between Charles and Joe. Joe’s potential replacement upon his retirement is Charles, who was hired last year.Joe was reluctant to hire Charles. Charles is 39, a tenacious, bright, and well-trained busine ss school graduate. Charles is doing a good job in his new position. Joe is in the process of completing a five-year plan for his plant. This plan will serve as the basis for a proposal to management for several major plant reinvestment and reorganization decisions. According to Charles, Joe has not included Charles in the planning process. Joe excluding Charles is disturbing him. His distress may be influencing his work and relationship with Joe. Charles may have an ulterior motive for disclosing this information.Joe runs a good ship and has good judgment. Confronting Joe may upset him and appear to undermine his authority. Joe may have a good reason for excluding Charles. Joe felt threatened by a junior manager or he may not be aware of Charles’ distress regarding exclusion from the planning process. Some tension between Joe and Charles may exist even though they are not in a verbal dispute. From a business standpoint, the potential conflict between Joe and Charles is a ver y serious problem. Joe will retire in two years so it will be important to have a trained replacement in place well in advance.Charles probably will have to live with the results of any major decisions about the plant after Joe retires. In addition, it is essential Joe support Charles so he can grow properly into his present position and future job. The goal is to resolve the potential conflict between Joe and Charles as well as benefit the company. It will be important to get Joe and Charles talking. The company will benefit if Joe and Charles have an amicable relationship so Joe can train Charles and collaborate on the five-year reinvestment and reorganization plan. According to the â€Å"The FreeDictionary† (2013), intervention means â€Å"to come, appear, or lie between two things† (Intervene, para. 1). As acting senior vice president of operations and chief operating, Team A must intervene to resolve the conflict. Third Party Intervention Strategies and Selection In the Seatcor case, Team is considering using a third party. â€Å"The terms third party and intermediary are both used to refer to a person or team of people who become involved in a conflict to help the disputing parties manage or resolve it† (University of Colorado, December 2, 2005,  p. ) Third parties can take the role of intermediary, consultant, facilitator, mediator, or arbitrators. â€Å"The various forms of observed third-party intervention are distinguished primarily by the degree of power that the intervener exercises over the process and outcome of the conflict† (Fisher,  April 2001-03-30, p. 1. The role of a consultant is to analyze the conflict and develop a plan to help resolve the conflict. The role of a facilitator is to arrange and manage meetings until a reasonable agreement is reached. More serious conflicts may warrant a mediator.Mediators are more involved and impose more structure to the discussion process between both parties. The goal of the mediator is to get both parties talking so each side understands the conflict from the other party’s point of view. Common understanding between both parties often yields a solution to the conflict. The role of the arbitrator is to listen to both sides, collect evidence, and determine the resolution to conflict. Decisions made by arbitrators are final. Informal interventions are incidental to the negotiation, whereas formal interventions are designed intentionally or in advance (Lewick, Saunders, & Barry, 2006, p. 87). As the senior vice president of operations and chief operating officer, Team A decides the best approach is to use a formal mediation strategy through an impartial third party. Applying the Intervention Strategy There are six steps to the formal mediation process that include introductory remarks, statement of the problem by both parties, gathering information, identification of the problem, bargaining and generating options, and finally reaching an agreeme nt. In general, the information gathering step is done after the parties have stated the problem. In this case it is important to ollect some data about the five-year plan and more on the relationship between Joe and Charles. It will be difficult to gather information without alarming the parties involved and creating rumors within the plant. Before the meeting with both parties, Team A will meet with Joe to allow him to explain his concerns with the development of the short-term plan. The mediation process will begin with arranging a meeting with both parties and the third party mediator. The mediation between Joe and Charles is set to take place at a local conference room close to the assembly plant with the third party mediator and Team A.This gives the mediation neutrality and takes away any implied bias by having the mediation at the plant. Hilary (2000) stated â€Å"Mediator neutrality legitimizes the mediation process because the parties, rather than the mediator, are in con trol of decision-making† (p. 145). The ground rules are simple but ensure Joe and Charles stay amicable with one another. Introductory Remarks The mediation begins with the mediator speaking to both Joe and Charles in the room. The mediator explains why he is there and the intent of the mediation. At the beginning of the eeting, the mediator will outline the reason for the meeting, the expectations of both parties, and protocol of the meeting such as allowing each party to speak without interruption. Also each party is asked to sign a paper agreeing to follow the ground rules, and the mediator can clarify any questions the parties may have about the ground rules The ground rules are simple but ensure Joe and Charles stay amicable with one another. * Both parties agree to take turns talking and will refrain from interrupting the other party. * Both parties will address the other party on a first name basis. The parties agree to pay attention to the other party to understand the other party’s wishes. * Each parties can request breaks when necessary. * Either party can speak up if the mediation falls off track. * Each party is to follow the guidance of the mediator. Statement of the Problem by the Parties Each party is asked to step outside and the other party speaks one-on-one with the mediator. This gives the mediator an overview of the situation and allows the mediator to counsel the parties on the correct language to not provoke the other party.Both parties are allowed in the room for face-to-face dialogue on the issues they believed led to the situation. Joe should be allowed to go first as senior manager. As the conversation progresses, the mediator writes down the problems from the views of both parties. The statements by both Joe and Charles will not necessarily be a true representation of the situation but will allow both parties express their respective view on the conflict. Joe may deny excluding Charles and is likely to place blame in an attempt to make Charles out to be the scapegoat.Charles may try to make Joe look bad to hide his own shortcomings or attempt to make himself look better. Either way, Charles’ distress may be warranted. Information Gathering In the information gathering step, the mediator will ask both parties questions to get to the potential root of the problem and evaluate the emotional undercurrents. Gathering information helps the mediator build rapport with both parties plus helps identify the root of the problem. Problem Identification After a short break, the mediator should summarize and repeat the highlights of the discussion to Joe and Charles.Summarizes the highlights helps both parties understand the primary points of the conflict. â€Å"The mediator tries to find common goals between the parties. The mediator will figure out which issues are going to be able to settle or those that will settle first† Stepp, J. A. , (February 2003). Bargaining and Generating Options Once th e mediator is confident of Joe and Charles’ commitment to achieve a negotiated settlement, the mediator may choose to hold private sessions with both parties to help move the negotiations along. The goal of the mediator is to find some common ground.This can lead to a final agreement, which diffuses the conflict and provides a new basis for future relations. Both parties may entertain alternative solutions without committing to any concessions. Reaching an Agreement During the final step of the mediation, Joe, Charles, and the mediator will work through the problems to find common ground. The ultimate goal would be for Joe to agree to mentor and train Charles for his position. In addition, Joe and Charles should agree to collaborate on completing the five-year reinvestment and reorganization plan.If an agreement is not reached an alternative strategy will be used. Alternative Actions Ultimately the needs of the company come first. If the relationship between Joe and Charles d oes not improve and an agreement is not reached then Team A will implement an alternative strategy. The next step would be to use arbitration. The third party mediator and Team A would advise both Joe and Charles are expected to act professional and put personal differences aside. Joe will be directed to provide training to Charles as well as work together on the five-year plan.If either party cannot agree to the terms of the agreement they may face possible termination. Conclusion Resolving conflicts, especially in a business setting is important. Conflicts can disrupt business operations and impede a company’s profits and growth. Team A selected the best approaches to resolve the conflict between Joe and Charles. The company solicited a third party mediator to protect the best interest of the company. Conflicts among employees are not uncommon and can be a simple a misunderstanding or personality conflict.If employees are not willing to work to resolve conflicts interventio n becomes necessary. From the information provided regarding this case it is unclear if Joe and Charles would have reached an agreement without a third party. Team A believed the information provided was serious enough to require the intervention of a at least a third party mediator or as a last result an arbitrator. References Fisher, R. (April 2001-03-30). Methods of Third-Party Intervention. Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, ISSN 1616-2544(), 1-25. Retrieved  from  http://www. berghof- handbook. net/documents/publications/fisher_hb. df Lewick, R. , Saunders, D. , & Barry, B. (2006). Negotiation (5th ed. ). Retrieved on March 7, 2013 2013 from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Stepp, J. A. (February 2003). How Does The Mediation Process Work? Retrieved from http://www. mediate. com/articles/steppj. cfm The free dictionary. (2013). Retrieved on March 7, 2013 from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/intervention 4 University of Colorado. (Dec 2, 200 5). Third Party Intervention. Retrieved from University of Colorado, International Online Training Program On Intractable Conflict website.

Motivational theories & Organizational Success Essay

Motivational theories & Organizational Success - Essay Example Using these constructs it is possible to analyze and reduce employee dissonance, adverse work relations and blurring of organizational objectives so as to target improved work environment. Thus this analysis can distinctly exhibit the possible solutions to motivational problems at work place. A person's motivation, job satisfaction and performance will be determined by the strength of his/her needs and expectations and the extent to which they are fulfilled. This paper would look at the possible ways in which various motivational theoretical constructs can be applied to work place situations for attaining organizational success. Understanding of such theoretical constructs by management would help improve policy towards employee response and motivation resulting in better output and achievement of organizational goals. 4 There are several motivational theories that have evolved over the past century and newer ones are still being evolved in rapidly altering organizational contexts. However foundations laid by some old theories have not only survived to this day but such theories continue to provide theoretical support to evolving newer motivational theories. ... Most popular among such old theories are behavioral theories of Abraham Maslow, Frederick Herzberg, Elton Mayo and Douglas McGregor. The chief features of these theories needs to be understood before applying thoughts on their practical implementation. 0 1 According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, there are five categories of needs viz. (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) social, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization. They form a pyramid structure with the lowest and broadest physiological need at the base. Pyramid structure also illustrates the fact that breadth of needs, as we graduate up the pyramid, gets reduced indicating that the higher order needs get finely tuned and well defined and perhaps are fewer in number as well. In order to have fully satiated and motivated workers, each lower level needs to be satisfied before one can graduate to higher level needs. Maslow made a complementary hypothesis that physiological, safety, social, and esteem needs on satisfaction, ceased to motivate, while the self-actualization needs motivated an individual more and more as they got satisfied. Maslow's premise was that it is the growth choice that propels any individual toward self-actualization - that of individual growth or "filling one's potential."(Maslow, 1954).A worker wise need analysis following Maslow's construct verbatim is a tough task and may even result in manager forgetting main work related goals. However s discerning manager would do well to keep the construct in mind and attain its full understanding and approach all problematic situations with the requisite empathy that this constructs help attain. People are individuals and it is so arduous to meet everyone's needs at their required level. Moreover quite a few of such needs may be sourced

Separation of powers and checks and balances AND bill become law Essay

Separation of powers and checks and balances AND bill become law - Essay Example Each of these branches of government holds different powers. Another prominent aspect of this government structure is the system of checks and balances. In these regards, the system of checks and balances is such that each of the branches of government is structured to check and balance the powers of the opposing branches. There are a variety of instances in which this system of checks and balances work. In terms of the legislative branch, this function of government checks the executive branch through its ability to enact impeachment proceedings against the President; the legislative branch also oversees the judicial branch as it has the ability to oversee judges for committing crimes or unethical actions (Douglas). In terms of the executive branch, the President holds veto power over bills based in the House and the Senate (Douglas). Finally, the judicial branch oversees the legislative branch through its ability to interpret laws passed by this branch of government (Douglas). A fundamental aspect of the American government is its fluid ability to pass and amend laws. The Constitution established the process where a bill becomes a law. The overarching process where a bill becomes a law occurs as a bill is brought to the House of Representatives ("U.S. Constitution") . The Congress must agree on the law and pass it with majority approval. After the bill passes through Congress it is sent to the Senate where it also must be approved. After the bill passes the Senate it is then sent to the President. The President must sign the bill into law. If the President doesn’t support the bill he has a veto power. If the President decides to veto the bill, then it returns to Congress. Congress then has the option to override the veto if they are able to attain 2/3rds-voting support for the measure. This is referred to as overriding a veto ("U.S. Constitution"). In addition to this overarching process of passing a bill into

Forensic psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic psychology - Essay Example In this respect the psychologist will asses the risk of re-offending; the defendant's attitude and motivation to change; to asses the feasibility of a community based disposal rehabilitation or community service program; to assist the court to avoid the use of custody, instead using a community based disposal; and to evaluate the possible risk of defendant to harm their self and others. The forensic psychologist is required to be aware of and sensitive to the circumstances of under-represented groups in the community, for example, those who experience a mental illness. It has been indicated that the defendant is suspected of having a long-standing illness. As such, the defendant is to be shown respect, community, dignity and to be provided with unbiased and un-discriminatory services in the practices of the forensic psychologist, and in the report that the psychologist prepares for them. The forensic psychologist can develop a criminal profile of the defendant to aid in decisions about the sentencing. Using a risk and needs assessment, the psychologist can also advise the court as to the suitability of the defendant to attend rehabilitation based programs coordinated and supervised by local authorities within the prison system, if the defendant is remanded in custody.

Movie Girl Interrupted Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Girl Interrupted - Movie Review Example Girl Interrupted is a story told by Suzanna Kay son who has been on a locked psyche unit for females for almost two years. She is a bright teenager of 18 when she signs herself in on the suggestion of a family friend and psychiatrist. The story is set in the 60's when it was truly an embarrassment to have this kind of illness and Suzanna goes to the hospital alone, in the back of a cab. Suzanna has already had many problems in her life. She does not get along with her parents, she has had an affair with a high school teacher and contrary to what was alright for a girl in that day and age, she has decided to "write". The ward she is on seems almost to be a dorm. There are several other young women there, some are silly and some are angry but is this not the same elsewhere The truth of the situation occurs when any small thing changes to set off these women and then chaos erupts and everyone seems different than they did just a few minutes before. The head nurse is Whoopie Goldberg and she has previously worked for a State institution and believes this job is a "piece of cake" in comparison. She, however, has a great deal of compassion for these women though she also runs the unit with a needed strong hand. Treatment for misbehaving is an ice bath and many of the nurses use the "there is not going to be any trouble is there" to be sure the patients take their medications etc. There is also, of course, four point restraints. Not to many of these kinds of treatments are used today but seclusion rooms are still prominent on most lock ups. These rooms are padded on all four walls, the ceiling and the floor and you are placed there to do away with you hostility. Suzanna is diagnosed by her psychiatrist as a borderline personality disorder In today's DSM IV her symptoms would seem to match this disorder which is Borderlin epersonality disorder, 301.83. It actually is difficult to see Suzanna as having any psychiatric disorder and she is the kind of patient that is difficult to miss when admitted with problems to the medical surgical floor. Suzanna took a bottle of aspirin and drank an bottle of alcohol but for most of the movies states it was an accident and she did not mean to kill herself, "she had a headache." DSMIV lists the main symptoms of personality disorder as revolving around unstable relationships, a poor negative sense of self, inconsistent moods, and significant impulsivity. They have an intense fear of abandonment and usually push people away so they cannot be abandoned. They become overly involved and very attached to various people (DSM IV) Suzanna does meet all of these symptoms and like she says it is a wavy line because she seems normal. We would not admit her to a locked psyche unit today but we might regularly run into her in clinics and other healthcare facilities and as nurses, have a need to understand that this can be a problem personality and may be why these people are alone. The prognosis here is good if they attend treatment and begin to understand that they are not "crazy" but need to understand their disease. Suzanna does end up being able to go home and has gained a great insight not only into her own illness but into the illnesses of so many of the other patients on the unit. Lisa, on the other hand is what in the days the movie was placed would have

Individual Clinical Experience Case Description Essay

Individual Clinical Experience Case Description - Essay Example One of the condition that was important in developing my identity as an emergency department nurse was when I received a patient who was vomiting, chest pain and nausea, I got a family note that notified that this patient was suffering from stroke. The nurse who was responsible for this patient had over 20years of experience but failed to attend to him. I tried to see how I could help. After carrying out assessment on the patient I did not notice symptoms of stroke such as facial dropping. Therefore, I ignored the assertions made by my fellow nurse and thought that the patient was just suffering from chest pain. Later I realized that my patient speaking displayed significant change from the ration of 4:1 to the ratio of 3:1. After the Magnetic resonance Imaging was carried, I realized that the patient had some symptoms of stroke. This experience changed my emotionally and professional thinking. It helped me not just assume that a patient is suffering from a certain medical condition such as stroke but it also enabled me to realize the importance carryout out physical examination to ascertain the presence of a given medical condition.   Further this experience provided me with varied skills and abilities to deal with not only patients with stroke but also patients with other emergency conditions. The experience also enabled me to learn how I could interact with patients with critical conditions such as asthma and heart attack. Further, it enabled me know how to relate with my fellow staffs.

New Kind of e-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Kind of e-Business - Essay Example 2 Nature and Purpose of Business The nature of this business will be to go beyond dog training. Many people have dog trainers or have experience them and they teach everything from traditional training to Cesar Mellan techniques. However, there are no DVDs that go beyond this typical training to doing creative calisthenics with the dogs. The purpose of the business would be to keep dogs fit without having to walk them everyday or run them everyday. Just as humans become bored with routine, the DVDs would insure that dogs not only were exercised, but they would be exercised in a creative way. The individual pet owner could do these simple calisthenics with their jobs or they could hire a certified trainer in this method to come to their home and give the dog a workout. Many people hire dog trainers and they expect their dogs’ behavior to improve through training. Often this helps, but there are dogs with so much energy that they need to have more than one way to expend this ene rgy. According to Liz Palika, author, there are many benefits of training your dog. Some of these benefits include: a better behaved dog, bonding between human and dog, it can be fun for both the human and the dog (especially if the dog learns how to do tricks). Although Palika talks about traditional dog training, these same benefits can be used to help people understand how to do doggie calisthenics. 2.1 Why Doggie Calisthenics The word calisthenics means to do small exercises that are geared to develop muscle tone and overall physical well-being. When this definition is applied to dogs, it means creating interesting small exercises that will help to increase the dog’s overall health. Obviously many people use running and walking their pets as the way to keep them healthy, but dogs need other types of exercise to insure they are keeping muscle tone and not turning into those pudgy animals that begin to have health problems. Doggie callisthenic DVDs would be perfect for high energy dogs and small toy breeds that have lots of energy. Some examples of these exercises are playing fetch, cycling with your dog (although the dog must be well trained as well), gym workouts (with treadmill or obstacle courses in a gym), or stair climbing. All of these are examples of calisthenics that are easy to do and that can be done with anyone. Of course, all pet owners should have their dog checked at the vet before starting any exercise program. Doggie calisthenics would not be done to take the place of walking or running, but they would be used in addition to these other methods of training. They would be used as a warm up exercise or they could be used when the individual pet owner was not able to get their dog outside for a walk or a run. The DVDs would promote a 10-15 minute workout which could be done along with the pet owner’s workout. The DVDs would show step-by-step how to get the dog interested in the exercise, how to monitor their heart and pulse and it would provide safety tips to show how easy it is to keep a dog healthy and make sure they are fit. There would also be a list of dog breeds that came with the package that would tell which dogs were more prone to need more exercise. 3 Competitive Advantage There are several competitive advantages that this business would have as an e-business. The pet owner would be able to either purchase DVDs or the various programs or they would be able to

Classical composer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Classical composer - Essay Example in the fourth year of his age, father, for a game as it were, began to teach him a few minuets and pieces at the clavier.†(Deutsch pp.  454–462) He was about five years old when he begun making his own music which he played to his father who annotated them. Recognizing the special abilities of his children, Leopold devoted more time to teaching his children. He was a loving father as he was an exacting teacher. Wolfgang, though, found pleasure in learning. He â€Å"was motivated to make progress even beyond what his father was teaching him. His first independent (and ink-spattered) composition, and his initial ability to play the violin, were both his own doing and were a great surprise to Leopold.† (Deutsch pp.  452–453) At that point, Leopold started to consider ambitious plans in his mind. Partly perhaps out of parental pride, partly perhaps out of duty as he did not doubt his children’s talent were God-given, he set forth to bring his young prodigies on tour to the courts of Europe. Wolfgang was six when in January, 1762, his father brought them to the nearby Munich court of Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. It was Wolfgang’s first exposition. The following three years were hectic for the young Mozarts. Leopold Mozart took his family to a long concert tour to the courts of Munich, Mannheim, Paris, London and The Hague. This foreshadowed the eight more years ahead of traveling Europe.. It was during these travels and performances when the young Wolfgang also met other musicians and got acquainted with their works. A prolific writer, Mozart wrote many of his music during that period of travel. â€Å"Most composers created music at the point of a pencil, writing and erasing over and over until they got down what they wanted.   Mozart, however, created exclusively in his head; then he wrote it all out once, once only, never erasing a note.†Ã‚  (Shepherd, pg. 5) Following their final return to Salzburg in 1773, Mozart, who was seventeen then, was

The gaze (research paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The gaze (research paper) - Essay Example (Mabry, 2001) The key aim of the research is to analyze the set of images from â€Å"Seven Year Itch† movie, with Marilyn Monroe starring in it. The image has become the classics of glamour photography, and it is often regarded by the gaze concept admirers as the brightest example of male domination over women. Therefore, the research is aimed at studying the different aspects of the image. Additionally the proper visual analysis is performed for differentiating the male gaze and dominance, from the natural female necessity to stay attractive and perfect looking. The key steps of the research will involve review of the image origin jointly with the relevance of the movie plot, and its relation to the Male Gaze concept. The key idea of the movie fragment is reviewed in order to realize the message. Then, there is a need to switch the research accent to the purely artistic factors, such as composition, framing, and other technical parameters. These are needed to realize the perc eption patterns and principles, i.e. how do the viewers have their look at the image. These aspects will be essential for analyzing the still from the male gaze perspective, as well as explaining the eroticism of the image with a barelegged girl. The interpretive possibilities, offered by the gaze concept are closely linked with the visual perception of a heterosexual man, and it is stated that men start looking through any image in accordance with its erotic composition. On the other hand, visual perception patterns of these images do not violate the standard perception rules, and this concept will be regarded in the paper as well. Theoretic Analysis Considering the theoretic approaches of the male gaze concept, and analysis of the image from the gaze perspective, the psychoanalysis angle should be taken into account. Since cinema provides numerous variants of visual pleasure, the scopophilia (which presupposes enjoying the views of a human body) is one of the key components of the sexuality in general (It is stated that Freud regarded scopophilia as one of the key instinctive components of sexual behavior). In the light of this fact, scopophilia defines people, who are looked at, as the sexual objects. From the psychoanalytic point of view, the necessity to observe a human body is regarded as an instinct that is rooted in childhood. Cinema, as visual art, seems to be distant from the necessity to observe others secretly. Nevertheless, most mainstream Hollywood movies are based on this aspect. In accordance with the research by Despotopoulou (2004) the male gaze is the key approach in classical filmmaking. Therefore, Laura Mulvey emphasizes the following consideration (Gagne, 2001, p. 140): "In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness," and as a result contends that in film a woman is the "beare r of meaning, not maker of meaning." By emphasizing this consideration, Mulvey presupposes that the psychoanalytic approach is essential for analyzing and understanding the process of the sexual objectification (as well as experiencing sexual fantasies) of the Girl (in relation to the movie). Therefore, Marilyn Monroe’s heroine becomes the exploitation object that is passively involved into the voyeuristic act. In general, the three perspectives are occurred that stimulate

Greed of Capitalists Essay Example for Free

Greed of Capitalists Essay In The Grapes of Wrath, the author, John Steinbeck utilizes intercalary chapters to portray the calamity and desolation that wandering farmers faced in Oklahoma during the Great Depression. Steinbeck employs chronic symbols, motifs, and specific narrative intervals to connect each intercalary chapter with its neighboring narrative counterparts in order to unify and strengthen the dominant themes of the novel. The intercalary episodes highlight perseverance of the Okies, the greed of capitalists, and the inhumanity of many who belittle the displaced families from Oklahoma. Despite the predicament of the meager farmers, Steinbeck provides his readers with a sense of hope through the respect for survivors and the tough pioneer spirit. Steinbeck highlights the perseverance of the Okies, in Chapters One and Three, through the turtle’s continuous struggle across the highway and the men’s resilient attitudes following tragedy. The turtle represents all the migrant workers that are evicted from their homes and fall victim to the hostile environment yet continue to persist through their journey, especially the Joads. The turtle in its attempt to make it through life â€Å"[boosts] and [drags] his shell along† representing the slow but determined traveling of the workers. In the same way that life becomes more difficult for the Okies, the hills get steeper for the turtle and â€Å"more frantic† grow its efforts (15). The Joads’ strong willed determination to make it to California provides a sense of hope that although it will be difficult and some person seeking the enjoyment of mocking one who is worse off than he is, may â€Å"[swerve] to hit [them]† their fortitude will result in triumph. In Chapter One the winds come and dust covers the lands demolishing all the crops. The women and children looked to see if the men would â€Å"break† knowing that as long as he stood firm â€Å"no misfortune was too great to bear.† The men remained relentless revealing the persistent nature of the Okies. Steinbeck demonstrates the injustice done unto the Okies, in Chapters Five and Seven, through the property owners and used car salesmen. In Chapter Five the owner men came to the Okies land to tell them they had to leave, the land was getting to be poor and they were unable to pay their taxes. The farmers protest, claiming that they have been on this land for generations and that they will have nowhere to go; they are told to go to California where there are many opportunities to make money. These families represent the Joads being kicked off their land by â€Å"the bank—the monster [who] has to have profits all the time†¦ When the monster stops growing, it dies. It can’t stay one size† (92). Steinbeck describes the greed and injustice of the â€Å"monster† with a tone of complete and utter antipathy revealing the lack of feelings and desensitization towards the suffering the farmers were being subject to. Later when the farmers choose to stay, the bank sends a man with a tractor to force the Okies off their land. The heartless man controlling the tractor seems to become a part of the machine, destroying any human sensitivity becoming incapable of intercession he does not even â€Å"look like a man† but rather he looks like â€Å"a robot in the seat† (94). The man blinded by greed chooses to forget his friends and convince himself that there is â€Å"no call to worry about anybody’s kids but [one’s] own.† The young man is willing to betray his community for a comfortable life, explaining to the tenant that he must knock down the tenant’s house, â€Å"got to keep the lines straight.† Tommy discovers, upon arriving home, that the same thing has happened to his old house. The connection between the two stories transfers a sense of sympathy towards the tenant farmers, and anger towards the inhumanity of the driver, to the story of the Joads. In chapter seven Steinbeck highlights the injustice done to the Okies by describing the used car salesman and the way he tricked tenant farmers out of excessive amounts of money. The tenant farmers, new to the world of salesmen, don’t have a choice to be without a car and are forced to ignore the fact that they are being sold a run down car for a price that far exceeds the amount it is worth. The chapter is written in a singsong melodic format in order to symbolize the bounce of a car rolling down the road, quick-paced and crude. Throughout the chapter a car salesman and his assistant utilize the lack of knowledge and desperation of the evacuees to force them into deals by complaining that they’re â€Å"taking up [their] time then walking out† on the deal. The disrespect and blasphemy of the salesmen creates more sympathy for the Okies and anger towards those who choose to exploit them. When the Joads go to sell they’re whole lives they are only give eighteen dollars, a very low price compared to what they deserved. The appalling situations that the Okies are found in combined with the malicious manner with which those who are better off treat them causes the readers to feel compassion for the ex-tenants. The ninth chapter of the book describes a family being forced to leave, and take with them only that which they can carry. Another family comes to buy the house and begins to pick through the once precious belongings of the owners. They sell what they can of the tenant’s past and burn the rest. All the while the tenant’s are crying out â€Å"How can we live without our lives? How will we know it’s us without our past? No. Leave it. Burn it.† After watching their belongings go up in flames the Okies no longer have a desire to stay and choose to leave their old life behind and drive on. Being forced to watch their personal belongings burn without a morsel of understanding from the buyers causes the readers to feel sorrow for the Okies. The Okies encounter many people on their journey to California, some who work to improve life for everyone. The Joads however tend to come across people who are greedy and only seek to better themselves, not caring who they hurt in the process. Steinbeck writes his novel in this way to develop his main point that greed and capitalism is causing the dehumanization in America. He is creating a passion in his readers to stand up against the longing for wealth and ease and start helping others even when it may not be best for you. Steinbeck hopes to awaken humanity in America and fight against the black whole of greed. Americans must heed to his novel and apply it to today’s society as much as they would have in Steinbeck’s period.

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay Using the Social Ecological Model as a framework for evaluating the effects of community violence effects on children and template for prevention and intervention programs Abstract The effects on children of community-based violence are consequences that raise grave concern in Jamaica and across the world. Various empirical work and reviews have well-documented the many negative effects. However, relations between community violence, the individual, the environment, and child development do not occur in a vacuum.  The impact can be understood as related to changes in the society, communities, relationships, and other  social  contexts which children experience, and in the psychological processes activated by these  social ecologies.  To promote this inter-related process-oriented perspective, a  social  ecological  model  for the effects of community violence on children is presented, to indicate the need for prevention and intervention programs to tackle the issue of community violence from this perspective.   Research questions: Are the impacts of community violence dimensional Hypothesis: Impacts of community violence are dimensional and have ripple effects across all dimensions as identified in Bronfenbrenner Social Ecological Model Community violence frequently refers to a wide range of events including riots, sniper attacks, torture, bombings war, ethnic cleansing, and widespread sexual, physical and emotional abuse (Logsdon, 2010). Background/Problem Living in chronically violent context has been a perennial problem in developed and developing countries. Community violence is recognized as a major public health problem (WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, 2000; Cooley, Lambert, Ialongo, 2003), and affects all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its impact falls most heavily on poor, urban, and minority groups, particularly youth (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997; Christoffel, 1990, Stein et al, 2003). Much of the empirical work done on childrens exposure to community-based violence has focused on implications such as the impacts, protective factors, cause for childrens resilience, mediating and moderating factors among others, all evaluated as detached dimensions. This review proposes that living in a chronically violent context has the potential to affect childrens overall quality of life. Therefore, evaluating the implications of childrens experience of living in chronically violent setting and the impact on their development need to be looked at from a multidimensional level with it all being interconnected. Notably, research that focuses on any one level underestimates the effects of other contexts (Klein et al., 1999; Rousseau House, 1994; Stokols, 1996). The purpose of this review includes mutually greater insight into this particular context of living in chronically violent settings and the provision of a template for study of the impact of childrens exposure to violence in the Caribbean and other regions of the world.  Accordingly, the applicability of this approach is considered for the context of community violence in Jamaica. This review seeks to evaluate the four levels as a mode of informing prevention and intervention programs on how to target community violence based on the interplay intra-context and inter-context. The Social Ecological Model The Social Ecological Model (SEM) allows for the integration of multiple levels and contexts to establish the  overall impact and in conflict communication. (Oetzel, Ting-Toomey, Rinderle, 2006) In examining the effects of community violence, its most likely relevant to assess equally the individuals direct experience of violence as well as the actual amount of violence that is occurring in the surrounding environment, be it direct or indirectly. This distinction is analogous to Bronfenbrenners distinction between the microsystem and the exosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). Direct experiences of violence are part of the childs immediate environment (or microsystem). These direct experiences occur within a broader context-the exosystem-that provides a backdrop for the childs immediate experiences. Rates of violent crime in a neighborhood, for example, provide a measure of how much violence is occurring in a community, even though the child may not be directly experiencing it himself or herself. But these more remote, ambient occurrences of violence still can exert influences on childrens development-through how they affect the availability and adequacy of resources and supports, and how they affect the familys emotional well-being and approach to daily life. Both direct (microsystemic) and indirect (exosystemic) experiences of community violence are important and relevant to investigate, and they each may affect childrens adaptation. It is important for researchers to be clear in specifying what they are measuring so that they can be more precise in their predictions and in their conclusions. However, despite the burgeoning of the research area, the knowledge base remains fairly diverse. It is dominated by research employing a few select measures or their revisions, several of which have yet to have their psychometric properties documented. Rather than reflecting a consolidated body of findings which can be used to direct policymaking and program design and implementation, the available work constitutes an increasingly complex and fragmented body of empirical findings, drawing from differing assumptions and operationalizations of what constitutes community violence (Guterman et al., 2000, p. 572) Social-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological framework indicated that humans should be viewed in the context of their environment. Three of the levels within this ecology of human development are the macrosystem, exosystem, and microsystem. The broadest aspect, the macrosystem, consists of institutional patterns such as economic, social, educational, and political systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Bronfenbrenner defined the exosystem as a system that includes social settings, such as interactions between the neighborhood, schools, and churches, along with issues such as a lack of employment opportunities and pervasive low socioeconomic status (Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Similarly, class status, chronic oppressive experiences, and exposure to violence also fit within the exosystem. The microsystem is the most proximal and directly affects a child (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). This level encompasses the complex interactions between a child and his or her family environment. To better understand relations between violence and child development it is crucial to examine the effects from multiple levels of societal functioning, including community and domestic conflict and psychological processes associated with violence exposure (Feerick and Prinz, 2003). its concentration in poorer areas during prepubescence and in younger adulthood (parenting age) suggests that poorer children are exposed to much more aggressive communities. This is likely to contribute to the disproportionate escalation in violence they experience during adolescence. Effective interventions to prevent such escalations are available and need to be implemented particularly in poor communities. Theoretical models need further development and testing. These models are needed for more compelling explanation on how and why exposure to violence affects child development at different levels (ie. Socially, emotionally, cognitively, neurologically). Such frameworks have the potential to better evaluate social, cultural, ethnic, and political contexts that are integral to understanding the impact of violence exposure (Feerick Prinz, 2003). Contextual theory attends to the influence from various contexts, especially the historical or socio-cultural climates. Ecological theory stresses the importance of various context or systems, including the Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems. (internet cite) Microsystems encompass a setting that includes where we live, our family, our schools, and our neighbourhoods. Mesosystems pertains to the interactions between experiences in the Microsystems. Exosystems are experiences in another social setting that we do not have an active role in, but that have an immediate influence on us. Community violence falls within this level. However, it is clear that even though at another the interrelatedness of its influence is not detached within the system.Macrosystems generally speaking is the culture in which we live. The literature on community violence has shown that many negative outcomes are results from such exposure (Lynch, 2003, Stein, 2003 Osofsky, 1999). One suggestion for better examination of the effects of community violence is the use of longitudinal studies (Stein et. al). The researchers explained that the use of longitudinal studies would allow examination of the effects of violence on the developmental paths of children. Bearing in mind that the chronicity (when, how often, and over what time frame) of violence exposure may significantly influence a childs developmental trajectory longitudinal studies are essential to better understanding how early violence exposure relates to later violence exposure, symptoms development, school performance, violence perpetration, as well as other high risk behaviours (Stein et. al, 2003). This approach would tap into some levels of the systemic approach to examining the effects, but the interactions within and the influences of the macrosystem variables (poverty, lack of resources, socio-economic status, housing) are not factored here. The Context for the individual Exposure rates very high (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) Psychological effects Among the psychological correlates of childrens exposure to community violence are anxiety symptoms and disorders, depressive symptoms, academic failure, and school disengagement (Boyd, Cooley, Lambert Ialongo, 2003 and Cooley-Quille, Boyd, Frantz, Walsh, 2001) Diagram The individual/Microsystem PTSD Post traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological impact identified in the field of literature. In one study the researcher explored the relationship between exposure to chronic community violence and the development of complex PTSD that occur as a result of repeated exposure to traumas (Jones, 2007) Findings revealed despite community violence exposure was a daily part of living among the participants, formal kinship and spirituality, along with high levels of combined supports, demonstrated buffering effects on exposure to violence (Jones, 2007). Psychological effects Not surprisingly, many studies have demonstrated that exposure to community violence can be traumatic for children. Exposure to community violence has been positively correlated with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in children ranging in age from the early elementary years through adolescence (Fitzpatrick Boldizar, 1993; Horowitz, Weine, Jekel, 1995; Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). All forms of exposure appear to have some effect- hearing about violence in the community, witnessing it, and being personally victimized. However, chronic exposure to community violence and personal victimization by violence in particular may be especially relevant in the development of symptomatology (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a; Terr, 1991). Victimization by community violence has been shown to predict levels of traumatic stress even when demographic variables and prior symptomatology have been controlled (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). In addition, victimization by community violence predicted symptoms of traumatic stress in a sample of urban children who had been maltreated by a caregiver, even after the effects of maltreatment severity were Substance abuse (Lynch, 2003) Behavioural problems are also linked with exposure to community violence (Stein, 2003) Among these are externalizing problems and internalizing problems. Notably, though there is a distinct association between behavioural problems and exposure to violence, the direction of that association is probably bi-directional. In essence, behavioural problems are simultaneously a predictor to exposure to violence and a result of exposure (Lynch, 2003). Mesosystem Similarly, exposure to community violence has been found to be associated with a wide range of serious problems that influence almost every area of a childs life. They include internalizing and externalizing problems, substance abuse, disturbances of cognition, poor peer relationships, lowered educational outcomes, and higher rates of juvenile justice offences (for reviews see Osofsky, Wewers, Hann, Fick, 1993; Osofsky, 1995; Lynch, 2003). Children are at high risk of for both internalizing and externalizing problems (Luthar Goldstein 2004). In the face of high community violence, positive family processes may have modest protective potential (Luthar Goldstein 2004); in addition to PTSD and more modest ones with depressive symptoms. Social Cognition More urban youths have been caught in gun crossfire than non-urban adolescents ( 24% vs 4%; Schwarz, 1996). Reseachers have noted that low income communities are likely have higher rates of community violence with inner-city children at higher risk of being exposed to criminal offences (Jipguep Sanders-Phillips, )   Robbery was an almost universal experience affecting children from all schools and socio-economic groups (Samms-Vaughan, Jackson, Ashley, 200). The researchers explained that the high level of community violence in Jamaica is likely to expose Jamaican children to violence. Their study reported that a quarter of the children who completed given questionnaires had witnessed severe acts of physical violence such as robbery, shooting and gang wars, a fifth had been victims of serious threats or robbery and one in every twelve had been stabbed. The researchers recommended that intervention strategies to reduce childrens exposure to violence should include community educati on on the impact of exposure to violence on children, and the development of a range of school-based violence prevention programmes (Samms-Vaughan et al, 2005). This suggestion clearly tracts an ecological approach and valuing the relevance of the exosystem. Relationships/Mesosystem Among families living in conditions of poverty, positive parenting, encompassing high monitoring, support and cohesiveness, can help children maintain adequate levels of adjustment, but even the best of families will be limited in shielding their children when living in neighbourhoods where violence is a constant fact of life (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) This strengthens the point of the need for impacts of community violence not be evaluated in a piecemeal fashion, but as a cohesive whole system. For interventions the findings underscore the need to control violence in communities with efforts at both national policy and community levels addressing issues such as good control, neighbourhood, cohesiveness, communities and safety in schools (Luthar Goldstein, 2004); in essence a systemic approach. According to Pottinger, Many children exposed to chronic violence in their community are also beaten regularly at home and school. Feelings of unworthiness, inferiority and low self-esteem were prevalent reports along with expressions of depression. Girls who were shunned or isolated from their peers and boys who were sexually abused were likely to report depression. Low self-esteem, identified more in our boys, may be reflecting the disenfranchisement of some children, as they learn from early that they are not worthy of being protected from violence. These students may then progress to delinquent and aggressive behaviours during their adolescent years, Pottinger said. Vignette from Crawfords book Peer Relations Exsosystem Repeated general population studies would allow us to better understand how childrens exposure to violence is changing overtime (Stein et. al, 2003). The question here would be are community violence types different now. A clear answer would come from looking at the overall dynamics of interactions within each levels of the SEM. To reiterate, contextual factors are important in determining the impact of violence exposure on children (Stein et. al, 2003). This could be used to better inform violence prevention programmes for both schools and community, and to move the research field toward better science around the interplay between violence exposure, emotional and behavioural outcomes, the impact of prevention and intervention programmes, and needed changes in public policy (Stein et. al, 2003). Educational Outcomes Also reiterated are the impacts of community violence on education and leisure activities . When children experience violence at concentrated levels, in so many doses, and from so many directions, they are affected holistically- emotionally, psychologically and cognitively. This situation undermines their ability to be educated as well as access to education that is available (Crawford-Browne, 2010). It is common that children would miss school because community violence preventing them from doing so/ as a result of violence in communities children are often prevented from going to school or attending other leisure activities such as camp or after school programmes. According to Gayle, United Nations research shows a direct correlation between spending on education and levels of crime. In the Caribbean, Barbados has the lowest violence and highest education. Haiti has the highest crime and the lowest education. One of the strategies to get people to participate less in crime is to educate them. Education leads to character building. At the same time, loss of revenue caused by crime means that less can be used on education, Gayle said. Pauletta Chevannes, a lecturer in the Department of Education, University of the West Indies, noting that crime continues to impact greatly on the education system, insists that only with wider social change can the problem be solved.This wider change reiterates the argument of this paper that implementations has to consider the wider levels of the socio-ecological model. microcosm The school is a microcosm of the society and a lot of the violence experienced in these schools is directly related to what is happening in society. Juvenile justice outcomes While risk of exposure to violence is higher among poor, densely populated urban areas, it is not restricted to this group. In addition, the effects of exposure to community violence on health and functioning are vast, particularly in vulnerable populations. Exposure to community violence was strongly related to PTSD, for both victim and witness had adverse mental health outcomes (Fowler, Tompsett, Braciszewski, Jacques-Tiura, Bates, 2009). Personal and family contextual factors may protect an individual from the adverse impact of exposure to community violence (Gorma-Smith, Henry, Tolan, 2004) Exposure to community violence does not occur in isolation. Further research needs to be conducted on social, environmental and contextual factors that protect vulnerable populations, such as women, adolescents and children from adverse outcomes related to violence (Aisenberg Herrenkohl, 2008). Despite these tremendous stressors, some children appear to be less affected than others (Barbarin, 1993; Barbarin, Richter, deWet, 2001). Coping mechanisms enmeshed in family and peer support are protective factors (Jones, 2007). Macrosystem Many children and adolescents in America continue to be exposed to many types of community violence. Some factors such as sex, age, race and socioeconomic status are associated with higher rates of exposure. Community violence affects children from all backgrounds and communities (Stein, Jaycox, Kataoka, Rhodes, Vestal, 2003). The whole system is interrelated. Multiple risk factors such as poverty, overcrowding, inadequate medical care, scarcity of community resources, and parental problem all contribute to the strain within the exo-system within the context of development. It is important to examine the challenges victims and perpetrators may have. However, to widen understanding of effects of chronic violence on children focus need also be place on the ripple effects of the psychological impacts on children who are affected indirectly (Osofsky, 1999). From a prevention and intervention the most significant implication drawn from the body of literature is that in prevention efforts, the primary focus must be on the environment rather than the individuals experiencing the violence (Gorman-Smith et. al, 2003 and Luthar Goldstein 2004)However both environment and individual factors need to be focused on in tandem as both are equally important in dealing with the crux of the matter in making informed and balanced interventions. The highest recommendation is the prevention of community violence (Luthar Goldstein, 2004). Targeting the issue of community violence as a whole from an ecological model perspective is the more probable successful way to tap every domain that influence its pervasiveness. UNICEFs office in Jamaica estimates that violence costs the country over US$236 million or JA$15 billion annually. IN LOCAL communities affected most by violence, economic and social activities have been considerably reduced. Schools are underpopulated and when there is a flare-up of violence businesses, as well as schools close, the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) stated in a 2007 report on violence and its costs. Audrey Pottinger, a consultant clinical psychologist at the Department of Child Guidance attached to the University of the West Indies said that the most frequent and traumatizing experiences students have are cruel tea-sing or verbal humiliation, followed by robbery and physical attack. She was making reference to a recent study done with a sample of more than 200 students from primary and secondary schools. Meanwhile, Dr Herbert Gayle, University of the West Indies-based anthropologist who produced the recent study on early training of males in criminal behaviour, suggested that the Government should invest more in education as one means of reducing crime. (Jamaicas Burden of crime, 2009). The consequences of community violence interrelatedness and broad propensity cannot be overemphasized. Consequences of not providing the necessary preventative, ameliorative or rehabilitative services will put additional strain on Jamaicas economy in terms of Jamaican dollars needed. Apart from the negative emotional health impact on the nation, the quality of life of the citizens will remain at continued risk (Crwaford-Browne, 2010). Macro implications of the impact of violence are insidious. Children develop dysfunctional interpersonal patterns in their relationships as it relates to violence and understanding their world. Psychological impacts through overexposure and trauma is difficult to quantify and this presents far-reaching limitations. Evaluating the system as a whole from the ecological model perspective ease this challenge as factors from the varying levels of the model can be targeted to cushion insidious effects of community violence. Recommendations Feerick and Prinz posited that specific issues for research issues in relation to community violence need to be probed (2003). Suggested issues include consequences of co-occurring risk factors, mediators, moderators and mechanisms. The premise of this review cautions this specific issues approach from the perspective that issues should not be investigated in a detached fashion, but rather enmeshed. Violence Prevention There are individual and community approaches to violence prevention (World Health Organization, 2002). On an individual level, public health authorities should encourage healthy behaviours that do not include violence as well as educating individuals in order to persuade them to change violent behaviours. In the community there are many opportunities to raise public awareness and stem community violence. Advocating for policy changes that address larger environmental issues (See Logsdon, 2010). Only with change that address the issue of community violence from the dimensions of the socio-ecological model- in making informed planning and implementing with regard to prevention and intervention programming. Summary/Conclusion This paper seeks to provide an overview of the current literature regarding effects exposure to community violence on children in systemic framework, and to identify the interrelatedness of the impacts at all levels on the social ecological model. In addition, recommendations are made that prevention and intervention programs use this systemic approach to better address and curtail the impacts of community violence. Violence in its various forms have been taking a heavy toll on the physical, emotional and mental health of Jamaican children, who exhibit symptoms of depression, PSTSD, aggressive impulsive behaviour, difficulty concentrating, bedwetting, and attachment problems. It is important to note that many of these symptoms exist within the context of unstable familial environments and are factors that are associated with aggressive and delinquent behaviours (Samms-Vaughan, 2005), further fuelling our present endemic of violence (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Poor quality of life and marginalization are some social impact of chronic violence exposure (Crawford-Browne, 2010). The researcher expounded that children get caught in the symbolic net of the different forms of violence which interact with each other with gruesome consequences. In explaining further, it is noted that the different types of violence emanates and ricochet from the various systems that interface and intercedes. The impact from a systemic level is quite distinct here. Clear it is that the childs experience here at all levels, the home, family, communities and society are impacted (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Peer Relations Community violence as daily variable offers negative role models that place of the government and community-building organizations (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Role models as such are the perennial figures of a Community Don or notorious gang leader. These negative role models act as agent of socialization. Hypthesis .

Causes Of The Phenomenon Children And Young People Essay

Causes Of The Phenomenon Children And Young People Essay The most important reasons of this phenomena are poverty, ignorance and poor living conditions, lack of adequate health care, in addition to housing in densely populated areas, It does not have the necessary services where children are forced and under these circumstances to escape to the street, where awaits them criminals who influence them direct their behavior and orientation and often delinquency and homelessness and begging and all that away from parental care and guidance, and the children who are leaving their villages to the cities in search of a living often find themselves vulnerable to delinquency and begging and homelessness due to the scarcity of jobs and lack of competencies educational and the absence of a designated work ,care and guidance Add to these factors prominently the emergence of the child in the family of disjointed decadent moral child who lives atmosphere family decadent whether caused by deviation father or mother must and it will be influenced by and pa y towards deviation and homelessness and begging and do not forget here the role of the school, which plays a key role in the proper direction and care, and also the media of books and magazines and radio and television affect children if its purpose is just profit only in exchange for pornographic images and propaganda rave and programs falling and downlink films that often influence children and lead them toward mimicry of delinquency .. Staggering statistics and other floating and innovative methods in begging and vagrancy invade the streets of Arab cities: Egypt considers the phenomenon of street children as a ticking time bomb waiting explode from time to time, indicates where the report of the General Authority for Child Protection that their numbers reached in 1999 to 2 million children and continues to increase, making them prone to adopt criminal behavior in the Egyptian society. The statistics General Directorate of Social Defense blame increase the size of misdemeanors related to exposure of street children to violate the law, and including exposure to homelessness by 16.5%, and begging by 13.9%, has been exacerbated begging uniformed worn by workers cleaning companies in Egypt, where not without street of months Egyptian streets or highways, especially in affluent suburb of dozens of these beggars who only several jobs they have on this outfit, in addition to a broomstick represents the role of cleaning the street, has joined them other numbers of beggars in various forms including: sharpening knives, and put medical dressings or carrying an elderly or disabled boy in a wheelchair! In Jordan, where showed statistically Ministry of Social Development of Jordan issued in 2006 that the number of beggars during the year 2006 amounted to (710) children; (424) male, (286) than females, have proven the existence of organized gangs responsible for the operation of child beggars, for example, was thrown arrested a gang owns bus gathering where beggars young, were seen bus during the distribution of these in different regions in Oman. Overall, 95% of whom almost working under the command of the gang their parents know that they are working these kind of jobs. In Iraq studies indicate special child protection that the phenomenon of homeless children has worsened in recent number increased after the events of the war, where numbered more than 100 thousand displaced children in Iraq, according to figures developed by some humanitarian organizations, and in Morocco has become a phenomenon of street children concern community Civil especially against Tnamea and the increasing number of street children in cities major Moroccan where he scored in the city of Casablanca alone in 2002 approximately 5300 children tramp, where most of these beggars are thus at traffic lights and parking lots and near restaurants. This situation is rapidly worsening stresses the urgency of finding solutions and processors of this phenomenon and must begin these solutions by knowing the reasons for the arrival of beggars young to the street and how to address them, and by creating legislation militant to reduce divorce and polygamy and what subsequent displacement events, as well as Find the hand for beggars young after the implementation of their judgments and in order to prevent their return to homelessness and begging, as well as licensing of associations of private and civil to turn towards beggars children and most of all cooperation with the Ministry of Education to reduce the phenomenon of school drop-out, as well as from the most important ways to address them media awareness campaigns in this area and that the allocation of television programs and radio host specialists for children beggars and vagrants to study this problem and find solutions to them, as well as holding educational sessions have indic ative nature, and research in how to fight begging to solve the problem of poverty and unemployment by adopting by adopting nations and Arab governments deliberate plans that will prohibit the deepening crises . Street children want the freedom from abuse by parents; nevertheless, their lives seem not so easy. They want working in some odd jobs; if they have no job, the steal to eat, and if they have extra money, they buy drugs. In general, street childrens lives are rather short. They are in bad health, because of their abuse of drugs, venereal disease. First, street child is a term used to describe those kids who live and work in streets. There are more street children around the world than the whole populations in Egypt and United States, there are currently 100 million children living on streets. In turn this sector population it is increasing through the years, because of the economic crisis, family disintegration. Wherefore they are more inclined to drugs, not only bringing troubles to the society, also problems to their health. When we talk about street children, we are talking about young people who face poverty, hunger, disease, violence and homelessness. We are talking about children who have resorted to all sorts of drugs because they think this is the only way they can remain happy under their difficult circumstances. These children that have been allowed to live on the streets are on a daily basis exposed to diseases of all sorts. We have seen some of these children on the streets a result of poor people since access to food is another problem for them. These children live in the street because they do not have anything to call a home.Street child are children between five and seventeen years old who live in parks, or light stop sign. In the same way they are deprived of family protection. Children on the street divide themselves into groups who can sell things to people and who can steal money from people car. The street kids do whatever they can to earn money. Whereas that more than 20 million of kids are living on the streets, we can see the, drugs as a normal activity in the streets. The reality begins talking about food, because they only eat what they find in the garbage or what they can steal. Likewise they steal money or drugs to forget hunger. Those kids do all of these activities in order to forget about street troubles, but they feel that these activities are necessarily to survive, so it makes them more inclined to drugs. In addition to that, Street child commit illegal in America. It means if a childs get in the street without any reason the police have to take them. That called breaking the law because its not legal to do it. Each child in America have chance to work and get more also they can learn in the school without any more. United states havedrug policy and Alcohol too. If the police saw any one who drink and child fewer than 18 they will take this child to the police station. But in Egypt child cant go to school without pay more for their books Because of the high cost of services many street children are unable to go to school .Even in countries where schools are free they are unable to buy books, uniforms and shoes that are required to attend., also they do not have any chance to work to get money. The money is an important factor in their lives that can determinate important things in their daily life like eating or not. Likewise, the drugs affect not only their thoughts but also affect their health. A street kid, they cannot imagine their daily live in the streets without using drugs. In the other hand the main problem is that most of types of substance consume by street kids are legal, so they can find it easily. The drug abuse is the worst problem for them and it brings them health problems. Those kids do all of these activities in order to forget about street troubles. Therefore, a lot of country have this problem too, The problem of street children in Vietnam, a country rapidly growing and integrating with the world, arises from the interaction of traditional causes such as the loss or divorce of parents and new causes such as economic incentive. We then propose a new typology of street children based on causes and situations. Causes are classified into broken family, mindset problem, and economic migration. Situations are divided into current protection and future investment. It is shown that the broken family group is most difficult to assist while the economic migration group often shows strong desire for study and better life. Since street children are not a homogenous group, intervention must also be diversified according to the needs of each type of children. Also, there is a lot of country that effected by street child such as; Russia consists of two million street children. Officially, the number of Russian children without supervision is more than 7 million. Also china the number of street children population continues to grow at 15 million and India is home to 4 million-8 million street children. The republic of India is the seventh largest populated country in the world. Due to the economic growth has appeared. Consequently, Vietnam is the country that has from 21 thousand in 2003 to 8 thousand in 2007 street child. Not just these countries had effected by the population of street children there are more and more had effected by this population. Which is going to affect all people life and future and countries future too? In a poor developing country, a child will have disabilities to learn how come he will learn without any money and when the children think about their future, they will find out that there are no work no future and they cant connect with their family too. Poor country gives children scary future. Moreover, Children who drop out of school due to the wrong attitude of the parents are less deprived, relatively speaking, in the current situation than the first group since their parents can look after them. They are relatively well fed and protected. It is rare to see them severely by street joining them. The biggest problem with this group, however, is the strong opposition of the parents when someone (teacher, social worker, or the children themselves) proposes an education for them. There are many causes of there being street children: Poverty, Neglect, Disease, War, Famine, Social, and Family Breakups. From another of perspective on the word causes, the causes they or others on their behalf fight for are the reasons that they become street children in the first instance and to provide ways out of their problems through things like providing shelter and education them with their families.so they find the way to get themselves freedom from home and school. Do whatever they want to do. The causes of children to the street can be divided into two main groups which we shall call broken family and mindset problem. First, children with extremely difficult family situations such as being abandoned as a result of the death. This is the traditional cause of street children which exists in any developing country with or without economic growth. Also the parents continue to take care of them. Children abandoned as a result of parents divorce have to undergo an even greater emotional shock. Being left with relatives or grandparents, such children are easily discouraged from study and lured by bad friends. Most of the street children who have left home because of domestic violence are spiritually and emotionally impaired. Second causes where the family enjoys relatively unbroken relations and an average or at least not so destitute standard of living but still sends children to work in the street due to the wrong attitude of the parents or the children themselves. Some children leave home because they are lured by friends or because they want to freedom instead of going to school. Seemingly exciting life in big cities and friends who already know the street life are the pulling force. For such children, earning money is not the main purpose. However, the mindset problem most often arises on the parent side. Some parents think that cash income is more important than childrens education. How we solve the problem for the street children with their home and family? For the children and their families, being on the street is not a problem. It is their solution to a number of problems. Crowded living conditions are a problem. A young lad, who shares a single-room with his mother and two grown-up sisters with children of their own, solves a problem by finding somewhere to sleep with his friends. He remains attached to his family and visits them regularly. He is integrated with them and does not need to be reintegrated. But it is better for him to sleep out than to stay at home. When he finds a group of friends with whom he can stay at night, his situation has improved. He becomes visible as a street child and part of our problem, but for him, being on the streets solves the problem of sharing an overcrowded room. For the families and the children, it is the solution to the problem of not having enough money to feed and clothe the children. Child can be a problem. If a child is forced to work all day for an adult who takes most of the childs earnings as sometimes happens with refugee children who are afraid .It may be a problem for children to have to do hours of manual at school, or to spend much of their day in misery learning useless and boring information. Somehow, we always accept child if it is enforced in the respectable environment of the school. But spending a few hours earning a bit of extra money for himself or the family can be quite fun. Sometimes the children have to adopt the tough culture of the streets. When they are with their friends from the street, they have to act and speak as if they enjoy street life. All children should have security. They should be able to play games and have fun. They should be improving themselves at school. Children should not have to earn their own living. They should be clean and wash regularly. They should be healthy, and get help immediately when they are sick. These we regard as the fundamental rights of children and street children appear to all of these rights. This is there life and they should enjoy it. What happen to todays street children when they grow older. Are they going to affect their countries or they are going to affect us. These children can grow up and constitute nuisance in the society. They will make governments project fail. They wont do these because they enjoy it, but because that is all they have grown to know and love. At the end, nothing will work because they will fight back because we had a chance to give them good lives but we failed to do it. All children should have security. They should be able to play games and have fun. They should be improving themselves at school. Children should not have to earn their own living. They should be clean and wash regularly. They should be healthy, and get help immediately when they are sick. These we regard as the fundamental rights of children and street children appear to all of these rights. This is there life and they should enjoy it. Lastly, street children problem always cause a lot of terrible to people who walk in the street and they cant be save from street child also this children they need a future to be better people and they can help their country. If we help these children they can help us in the future. For example if a child from the street get a good job in the future and he got a lot of money that give his country a better future and his family too and himself. He will be better than anyone who lives in the street. Inside of steal money from people and ate from the street , he can now eat a health food and get a good family that carry his name and his good future. Overall, streets children are poor and as a result they are untaught. As a result, they have bad food and unhealthy body system. The street children are kids who live and work in streets and homeless people. Furthermore, they use drugs as a way to forget about their harsh reality. Lastly, they steal money in order to get food and survive. Although, they can be educated children with the government help, but they got used to their life as a children streets.